You have probably seen recent headlines about a worrying new bird flu strain. The catchily named HPAI H5N1 has been making headlines globally due to its high mortality rate and its ability to spread. To date it has spread to around 60 species of mammal, including marine mammals, dogs and cats and cattle. Some of these animals experience mild symptoms and recover with supportive care, but for other species it can be deadly

Since it emerged in 2020, this highly contagious virus has caused widespread outbreaks in domestic and wild birds and has spread globally to all areas except Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands.)

Understanding HPAI H5N1

Bird flu viruses can be Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) or High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI). As you’d expect, the LPAI are less infectious and deadly than the HPAI.

As you may remember from the Covid pandemic, viruses mutate and new strains arise which may be more or less dangerous.

The H5N1 strain of avian influenza, first identified in 2020, has spread globally, impacting millions of birds. While New Zealand has remained free from HPAI, it’s important to be prepared and vigilant to deal with a potential outbreak.

How HPAI Spreads

Domestic poultry can contract HPAI from infected wild birds, such as ducks, geese and gulls. The virus spreads through direct contact between birds or via contaminated equipment, water, and feed. 

If HPAI H5N1 does arrive in NZ, it will probably be introduced by wild birds so it’s very difficult to keep out. Early detection will be key to responding effectively and managing any impacts.

Key Biosecurity Measures

Start protecting your flock now by:

• Keep your flock away from wild birds as much as possible. 

• Keep wild birds away from your poultry's food and water.

• Frequently clean bird housing and equipment. 

• Avoid sharing equipment with other bird owners.

• Isolate new birds for two weeks before introducing them to your existing flock and monitor them for any signs of disease.

• Wash your hands with soap before and after handling birds. Clean your footwear and clothes after visiting other flocks or attending bird shows.

Bird Shows

If you attend poultry shows or other bird shows:

• Wash your hands thoroughly before and after handling birds. Clean your footwear and clothing.

• Isolate show birds for a period before reintroducing them to your flock.

• Do not take birds to a show if there are signs of illness in your flock. 

• Clean and disinfect all equipment and containers used during the show.

Recognising the signs

Symptoms in poultry include:

• Unexplained death in multiple birds.

• Lethargy

• Reduced appetite

• Droopy head

• Darkened comb/wattle

• Panting

• Nasal secretions

• Unusual drop in egg production

• Signs of internal bleeding

For waterfowl, symptoms can be less severe but may include weak neck, lack of coordination, blindness, and trembling.

Responding to Suspected HPAI

If you notice symptoms of HPAI in your poultry, contact your vet immediately to rule out other possible causes. Follow their instructions before handling sick or dead birds.

Reporting Dead Wild Birds

Report sightings of three or more sick or dead wild birds to Biosecurity New Zealand's Exotic Pest and Disease Hotline at 0800 80 99 66. Do not handle the birds—biosecurity investigators will advise you on the necessary steps.

Threat to Humans

HPAI is zoonotic, meaning it can infect humans, though such cases are rare. Since 2022, there have been a few reported cases in humans, generally people in close contact with infected birds. Symptoms in humans can range from flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, sore throat) to more severe complications such as pneumonia and respiratory illness. No human-to-human transmission of H5N1 has been confirmed.

Food Safety

HPAI does not pose a food safety risk. Properly handled and cooked poultry meat, eggs, and egg products are safe to eat.

Conclusion

Maintaining strict biosecurity measures and staying vigilant for signs of HPAI are essential steps for New Zealand’s lifestyle farmers to protect their poultry and prevent the spread of this potentially devastating disease. By following these guidelines, you can help safeguard your flock and contribute to New Zealand’s biosecurity efforts.

Find additional information and resources here.